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Assize of Bread and Ale
The Assize of Bread and Ale ((ラテン語:Assisa panis et cervisiae)) was a 13th-century statute (assize) in late medieval English law, which regulated the price, weight and quality of the bread and beer manufactured and sold in towns, villages and hamlets. This statute〔(The Assizes of Bread, Beer, & Lucrum Pistoris ) Internet Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University〕 is usually attributed to act 51 Hen. III, occurring about 1266–1267.〔Ross, Alan S. C. (1956) "The Assize of Bread", in: ''The Economic History Review'', New Series, Vol. 9, No. 2. (1956), pp. 332-42.〕 It was the first law in British history to regulate the production and sale of food.〔Gibbins, Henry de Beltgens (1897) ''The Industrial History of England''. London: Methuen; p. 229.〕〔Cartwright, Peter (2001) ''Consumer Protection and the Criminal Law''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59080-9; p. 152.〕 At the local level, this resulted in regulatory licensing systems, with arbitrary recurring fees, and fines and punishments for lawbreakers (see amercement).〔Bennett, Judith M. (1987) ''Women in the Medieval English Countryside''. New York: Oxford University Press; pp. 233-36.〕 In rural areas, the statute was enforced by manorial lords, who held tri-weekly court sessions.〔Hornsey, Ian (2004) ''A History of Beer and Brewing''. London: Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85404-630-5; pp. 292-96.〕
The law was amended by the Bread Acts of 1822 and 1836, which stipulated that loaves should be sold by the pound, or multiple thereof, and finally repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1863 (26 & 27 Vict. c.125).
==Origin==
The expensive equipment associated with brewing and baking, particularly the oven, created a commercial market for the goods. This resulted in a perceived need for regulations controlling quality and pricing, and checking weights, to avoid fraudulent activity by food providers. The Assize of Bread and Ale set the price of ale and the weight for a farthing loaf of bread.〔Wood, Diana (2002) ''Medieval Economic Thought''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45893-5; pp. 97-98.〕 The act reduced competition and was purportedly given at the request of the bakers of Coventry, embracing several ordinances of Henry III's predecessors.〔Davies, Charles (1871) ''The Metric System, Considered with Reference to its Introduction into the United States''. A. S. Barnes and Company〕
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